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3.11) What Is Available On Object-Oriented Testing?
---------------------------------------------------

[This entry was donated by Doug Shaker and is certainly a FAQ]

Testing of Object-Oriented Programming (TOOP) FAQ/Resource Summary

Posted to comp.object, comp.lang.c++, comp.lang.smalltalk and
comp.software.testing.

Last revised on 93.10.27.  The most notable change is in the additions
to the Software section.  Also a couple of articles added to the
Written Material section.


> What?

This is a summary of resources on the Testing of Object-Oriented
Programming that have been mentioned to me over the net, in email,
or other means.  Sections include Written Material, Courses, and
Software.  It is kind of like an FAQ, though it isn't organized
that way.

> Who?

I work for a Unix software house, Qualix Group, in the US.   Here is
my sig:
 - Doug Shaker
    voice:    415/572-0200
    fax:    [phone]
    email:    [e-mail]
    mail:    Qualix Group
        1900 S. Norfolk St., #224
        San Mateo, CA 94403
I am NOT a researcher on the testing of object-oriented programming.
I just collate the stuff that is sent to me by people who REALLY know
something.  See the section "ACKs" at the end.

I just think it is important.

> Why?

Why is this important? If classes are really to be reused in
confidence, they must be blatantly correct.  The classes must be easily
testable during initial evaluation by the client programmer.  They must
also be testable under different OS configurations, different compiler
optimizations, etc.  This means that testing modules must be
constructed in a way which is recognized as correct and the modules
must be shipped with the class libraries.

As soon as one major class library vendor starts to ship real test code
with their libraries, all of the other vendors will be forced, by
market pressure, to do so as well, or face market share erosion.  Think
about it.  If you had to recommend a class library to a committee that
was choosing a basis for the next five years of work, wouldn't you feel
safer with a class library that could be auto-tested in your
environment?


> Written Material

Berard, Edward.  Essays on Object-Oriented Software Engineering.
    Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. $35.
    This book has two chapters on testing of object-oriented software,
    focusing on how to do it.

Berard, Edward.  Project Management Handbook.  Must be purchased
    direct from Berard Software Engineering, Ltd., 902 Wind River
    Lane, Suite 203, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878.  $225.
    The book focuses on the management of OOP projects.  It
    includes one chapter on testing OO software and one chapter
    on quality assurance.

Bezier, Boris, "Software Testing Techniques", 2nd edition, Van Nostrand
    Reinhold, 1990, 503pp, $43, ISBN 0-442-20672-0.  While this is
    not specifically about testing of OOP, it is mentioned so often
    by so many people as a definitive software testing work, that
    I have to mention it anyway.

Cheatham Thomas J., and Lee Mellinger, "Testing Object-Oriented
    Software Systems",  Proceedings of the 18th ACM Annual Computer
    Science Conference, ACM, Inc., New York, NY, 1990, pp. 161-165.

Doong, Roong-Ko and Phyllis G. Frankl, "Case Studies on Testing
    Object-Oriented Programs", Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on
    Testing, Analysis, and Verification (TAV4), 1991, ACM, Inc.,
    New York, NY, 1991, pp. 165-177.

Fiedler, Steven P., "Object-Oriented Unit Testing", Hewlett-Packard
    Journal, April, 1989, pp. 69-74.

Firesmith, D.G., "Testing Object-Oriented Software", Proceedings
    of 11th. TOOLS USA Conference, Santa Barbara, Aug 1993, pp 407-426.

Frankl, Phyllis G. and Roong-Ko Doong, "Tools for Testing
    Object-Oriented Programs", Proceedings of the 8th Pacific
    Northwest Conference on Software Quality, 1990, pp. 309-324.
    One author can be reached at [e-mail].

Graham, J.A., Drakeford, A.C.T., Turner, C.D. 1993. The Verification,
    Validation and Testing of Object Oriented Systems, BT Technol
    J.  Vol 11, No 3. One author's email address is
    [e-mail].

Harrold, Mary Jean, John D. McGregor, and Kevin J. Fitzpatrick,
    "Incremental Testing of Object-Oriented Class Structures",
    International Conference on Software Engineering, May, 1992,
    ACM, Inc., pp. 68 - 80.

Hoffman, Daniel and Paul Strooper.  A Case Study in Class Testing.
    To be Presented at the IBM Center for Advanced Studies Fall
    Conference, October 1993, Toronto.  Email addresses for authors
    are [e-mail] and [e-mail].  Describes an
    approach to testing which the authors call Testgraphs.  An
    example is worked out in C++ which tests a commercial class.

Hoffman, D. M.  A CASE Study in Module Testing.  In Proc. Conf. Software
    Maintenance, pp. 100-105. IEEE Computer Society, October 1989.

Hoffman, D.M. and P.A. Strooper.  Graph-Based Class Testing.  In
    7th Australian Software Engineering Conference (to appear), 1993.

Klimas, Edward "Quality Assurance Issues for Smalltalk Based Applications",
    The Smalltalk Report, Vol. 1, No. 9, pp.3-7.  The author's
    email address is "[e-mail]".

Lakos, John S.  "Designing-In Quality in Large C++ Projects" Presented
    at the 10th Annual Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference,
    Portland, Oregon, October 21, 1993.  Abstract:
        The focus of this paper is on ensuring quality by
        designing software that avoids acyclic component
        dependencies.  This in-turn permits incremental,
        hierarchical testing.  The importance of good physical
        design becomes a key factor only for large and very
        large projects.  Intuition gained from smaller projects
        leads to errors in large designs.  Compile-coupling
        ("Insulation") is also discussed.
    Copies of the postscript file can be obtained by sending email
    to "[e-mail]".

Leavens, G. T., "Modular Specification and Verification of
    Object-Oriented Programs", IEEE Software, July 1991, pp. 72-80.

Love, Tom.  Object Lessons.  SIGS Books, 588 Broadway #604, New York, NY
    10012. $49.
    This book eloquently elucidates the need for testing of object-
    oriented code and has a chapter on how it was done at Stepstone
    during the first release of their initial class library.

Marick, Brian.  The Craft of Software Testing, Prentice-Hall, in press.
    Makes the argument that testing of object-oriented software is
    simply a special case of testing software which retains state
    and which is resused.  The author can be reached at
    [e-mail].

Narick, Brian. "Testing Software that Reuses", Technical Note 2, Testing
    Foundations, Champaign, Illinois, 1992. Copies may be obtainable
    via email. The author can be reached at [e-mail].

Murphy, G.C., Wong, P. 1992, Towards a Testing Methodology for
    Object Oriented Systems, M.P.R Teltech Ltd. A poster at the
    Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems, Languages
    and Applications ACM. Copies of this paper can be obtained
    through [e-mail].

Murphy, G. and P. Wong.  Object-Oriented Systems Testing Methodlogy: An
    Overview.  Techical Report TR92-0656, MPR Teltech Ltd., October
    1992.

Perry, D.E. and G.E. Kaiser, "Adequate Testing and Object-Oriented
    Programming", Journal of Object-Oriented Programming,
    2(5):13-19, Jan/Feb 1990.

Purchase, Jan A. and Russel L. Winder, "Debugging tools for
    object-oriented programming", Journal of Object-Oriented
    Programming, June, 1991, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 10 - 27.

Smith, M. D. and D. J. Robson, " A Framework for Testing Object-Oriented
    Programs", JOOP, 5(3):45-53, June 1992.
    Describes ways in which the usual approach to software testing
    could be adapted for object-oriented software.
    This paper, or one with the same title and authors, is
    available by anonymouns ftp from vega.dur.ac.uk as
    "/pub/papers/foot.dvi".

Smith, M. D. and D. J. Robson, "Object-Oriented Programming - the
    Problems of Validation",  Proceedings of the 6th International
    Conference on Software Maintenance 1990, IEEE Computer Society
    Press, Los Alamitos, CA., pp. 272-281.

Taylor, David. "A quality-first program for object technology", Object
    Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, July-August 1992, pp17-18. SIGs
    Publications.  The article talks some about why testing is
    important for OOP and describes one quality program.

Theilen, David.  "No Bugs.  Delivering error free code in C and C++.",
    Addison-Wesley, 1992, ISBN:0-201-60890-1.

Turner, C. D. and D. J. Robson, "The Testing of Object-Oriented Programs",
    Technical Report TR-13/92, Computer Science Division, School of
    Engineering and Computer Sciences (SECS), University of Durham,
    England.
    Includes a survey of existing literature on testing of OO
    programs.  Testing of OOP is compared with traditional software
    testing.  A state-based approach is described.
    This paper is available by anonymous ftp from vega.dur.ac.uk in
    /pub/papers. Get "toop.ps.Z" for A4 paper and "toopus.ps.Z" for
    US letter paper formatting.

Turner, C. D. and D. J. Robson, "A Suite of Tools for the State-Based
    Testing of Object-Oriented Programs", Technical Report
    TR-14/92, Computer Science Division, School of Engineering and
    Computer Science (SECS), University of Durham, Durham,
    England.  Describes a series of tools for the generation and
    execution of test cases for OOP.  These tools assume a
    state-based testing approach.
    This paper is available by anonymous ftp from vega.dur.ac.uk in
    /pub/papers.  Get "tools.ps.Z" for A4 paper formatting or get
    "toolsus.ps.Z" for US letter formatting.

Turner, C. D. and D. J. Robson, "Guidance for the Testing of Object-
    Oriented Programs", Technical Report TR-2/93, Computer Science
    Division, School of Engineering and Computer Science (SECS),
    University of Durham, Durham, England.  Discusses different
    methods of making class declarations and the implications of
    those methods for testing.
    This paper is available by anonymous ftp from vega.dur.ac.uk in
    /pub/papers.  Get "guide.ps.Z" for A4 paper formatting or get
    "guideus.ps.Z" for US letter formatting.

Turner, C. D. and D. J. Robson, "State-Based Testing and Inheritance",
    Technical Report TR-1/93, Computer Science Division, School of
    Engineering and Computer Science (SECS), University of Durham,
    Durham, England.
    Discusses the implications of inheritance for testing,
    particularily incremental testing.
    This paper is available by anonymous ftp from vega.dur.ac.uk in
    /pub/papers.  Get toopinht.ps.Z" for A4 paper formatting or get
    "toopinhtus.ps.Z" for US letter formatting.

Wong, P. Automated Class Exerciser (ACE) User's Guide.  Technical
    Report TR92-0655, MPR Teltech Ltd., September 1992.

> Courses

Berard Software Engineering, Inc. teaches a seminar on Testing of
Object-Oriented Software (TOOS).  The next one scheduled that I know of
is November 8-12, in Washington.  Call 301-417-9884 for details.

Quality Fractals, Inc. has a course called "Testing Object-Oriented
Software".  Contact: 508-359-7273 (Box 337, Medfield, MA 02052).  The
course is taught by Shel Siegel of YESS!, Inc.  Contact: 916-944-1032.


> Software

There is a smalltalk class library in the Univ. of Illinois archives
which includes a simple Tester class written by Bruce Samuelson
([e-mail]). It is a general superclass for application
specific classes that test non-interactive objects such as trees,
collections, or numbers. It is not suitable for testing user interface
components such as windows, cursors, or scroll bars. The filein
includes Tree classes, Tester itself, and subclasses of Tester that are
used to validate the Tree classes. For ParcPlace Smalltalk (ObjectWorks
4.1 and VisualWorks 1.0). To get it ftp the file
"/pub/st80_vw/TreeLW1.1" from st.cs.uiuc.edu.

IPL Ltd. (in the UK) has a testing tool called Cantata which allows for
testing C++, but as far as I am able to determine, it has no special
features for C++ testing.  From the product literature:
    Cantata allows testing to be performed in an intuitive way
    making the tool exceptionally easy to use and productive in
    operation. Cantata is suitable for testing software written in
    either C or C++.

    Cantata provides comprehensive facilities for all forms of
    dynamic testing, including: functional testing, structural
    testing, unit testing and integration testing. Cantata has been
    specifically designed to operate in both host and target
    systems and so allow full portability of tests between these
    environments.
For more information contact IPL:
    IPL Ltd.
    Eveleigh House, Grove Street,
    Bath  BA1 5LR
    UK
    [phone]
    [phone] (FAX)
    email: [e-mail]

TestCenter from CenterLine will do coverage testing of C++ (and C)
code.  Also does some memory debugging (similar to Purify) and regression
testing.  Highlights from CenterLine literature:
  *Automatic run-time error-checking on executables to enhance quality
  *Automatic memory leak detection on executables to optimize memory use
  *Graphical test coverage to highlight any code not executed during test runs
  *Intuitive GUI for easy test analysis
  *Programmatic interface to output files and cumulative code coverage
   to support batch-mode and regression testing
  *No recompilation needed, resulting in quick turnaround
  *Complete C and C++ language support
  *Integration with leading programming tools for maximum productivity gains

MicroTech Pacific Research (mpr.ca) has a C++ class testing tool called
ACE (Automated Class Exerciser) which is available under non-disclosure
agreement.  It is not currently for sale.  If you are interested,
contact Paul Townsend, [e-mail].

Software Research Inc. (625 Third St, San Francisco, CA 94107-1997,
voice: 1-415-957-1441, email: [e-mail]) has a coverage tool for C++
that is called tcat++.  It is an extension of SRI's tcat program.

Quality Assured Software Engineering (938 Willowleaf Dr., Suite 2806,
San Jose, CA 95128, voice: 1-408-298-3824 ) has a coverage tool for
C and C++ called MetaC.  It also dones some syntax checking and memory
allocation checking.

A group of volunteers is building a C++ test harness for the automated
testing of C++, C and Perl programs.  The system is called ETET (Extended
Test Environment Toolkit).  To join the group of volunteers, send email to
    [e-mail]
The software is available via anonymous FTP from bright.ecs.soton.ac.uk
(152.78.64.201) as "/pub/etet/etet1.10.1.tar.Z".  They are looking for
other FTP sites - sned email to the above address if you can provide
one.  This is a beta release and _should_ compile on any POSIX.1 system.
As much of this work is being done by SunSoft, my guess is that the
software will have the fewest problems on SunOS or Solaris releases.

> ACKs

Thanks to the following for helping assemble this list:
    Benjamin C. Cohen, [e-mail]
    Brian Marick, [e-mail]
    Bruce Samuleson, [e-mail]
    Daniel M. Hoffman, [e-mail]
    Edward Klimas, [e-mail]
    John Graham, [e-mail]
    Jim Youlio, [e-mail]
    Jeffery Brown, [e-mail]
    Lars Jonsson, [e-mail]
    Manfred Scheifert, [e-mail]
    Mark Swanson, [e-mail]
    Mary L. Schweizer, [e-mail]
    Michael Einkauf, [e-mail]
    Paul Townsend, [e-mail]
    Phyllis G. Frankl, [e-mail]
    Rachel Harrison, [e-mail]
    Risto Hakli, [e-mail]
    Russ Hopler, [e-mail]
    Stephane Barbey, [e-mail]
    Tony Reis, [e-mail]
    Yawar Ali, [e-mail]


3.12) What Distributed Systems Are Available?
---------------------------------------------

The following post helps to provide some answers with at least a partial list.
See also Appendix E.

From: [e-mail] (Bob Marcus)
Newsgroups: comp.object,comp.client-server
Subject: Distributed Computing Products Overview
Date: 17 Sep 93 00:02:40 GMT
Organization: Boeing Computer Services

             DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING PRODUCTS OVERVIEW

  There was a recent posting concerning the relationship between OMG's CORBA
 and Distributed Transaction Processing Monitors. In general, there is a lot of
 uncertainty as to how the various distributed computing tools, products and
 environments might work together.  Below is the outline of an eight-page
 posting to the Corporate Facilitators of  Object-Oriented Technology (CFOOT)
 mailing list addressing these issues. Let me know if you would like a copy
 of the posting and/or to be added to the CFOOT mailing list.

                                          Bob Marcus
                                          [e-mail]
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 SOME GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 MULTIPROTOCOL NETWORK TRANSPORTS

  Peer Logic (PIPES)
  ATT (Transport Layer Interface)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 MICROKERNELS

  OSF(Mach)
  Chorus Systems (Chorus)
  Microsoft (NT)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 REMOTE PROCEDURE CALLS

  NobleNet (EZ-RPC)
  Netwise (Netwise-RPC)
  ATT/Sun (TI-RPC)
  OSF (DCE/RPC)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 CONVERSATIONAL PROGRAMMING

  IBM(Common Programming Interface-Communications)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 MESSAGING PRODUCTS

  System Strategies/IBM (MQ Series)
  Horizon Strategies (Message Express)
  Covia Systems(Communications Integrator)
  Momentum Software(X-IPC)
  Creative System Interface (AAI)
  Digital (DECmessageQ)
  HP (Sockets)(BMS)
  IBM (DataTrade)(DAE)
  Suite Software (SuiteTalk)
  Symbiotics (Networks)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 PUBLISH AND SUBSCRIBE MESSAGING

  Sun(Tooltalk)
  Teknekron (Teknekron Information Bus)
  ISIS(Distributed News)
  Expert Database Systems (Rnet)
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS

  OSF/DCE
  ISIS(Distributed Toolkit)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 TRANSACTION PROCESSING MANAGERS

  Unix Systems Lab (Tuxedo)
  Information Management Company (Open TransPort)
  NCR (TopEnd)
  Transarc (Encina)
  IBM/HP/Transarc (Open CICS)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 DISTRIBUTED WORKSTATION EXECUTION SYSTEMS

  Aggregate Systems (NetShare)
  Platform Computing(Utopia)
  ISIS(Resource Manager)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 OBJECT REQUEST BROKERS

  Hyperdesk (Distributed Object Manager)
  IBM Distributed System Object Model(DSOM)
  Microsoft (Distributed OLE)
  Iona Technologies Ltd. (Orbix)
  BBN (Cronus)
  ISIS (RDOM)
  Qualix (NetClasses)
  Symbiotics (Networks!)
  Digital(ACA Services)
  Suite Software (SuiteDOME)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

  OSF (Distributed Management Environment)
  Legent
  Digital Analysis (HyperManagement)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 DISTRIBUTED DEVELOPMENT/EXECUTION PRODUCTS

  Texas Instruments (Information Engineering Facility)
  HP (SoftBench)
  Digital (COHESIONworX)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 DISTRIBUTED DEVELOPMENT/EXECUTION PRODUCTS

  Independence Technologies (iTRAN)
  Intellicorp(Kappa)
  ISIS Distributed Systems (RDOM)
  Early, Cloud & Company (Message Driven processor)
  Expersoft(XShell)
  Cooperative Solutions(Ellipse)
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------


3.13) What Is The MVC Framework?
--------------------------------

MVC stands for Model-View-Controller.  This framework was originally adopted
in Smalltalk to support Graphical User Interfaces.  Views support graphical
interfacing, controllers handle interaction, and models are the application
objects.  More details and references will be included in future FAQs.

"A Cookbook for Using the Model-View-Controller User Interface Paradigm in
Smalltalk-80".  G. E. Krasner and S. T. Pope.  JOOP, vol 1, no 3, August/
September, 1988, pp 26-49,


3.14) What is Real-Time?
------------------------

Real-time is our linear extrapolation/perception of imaginary time.

[This section is YTBI]


SECTION 4:  COMMONLY ASKED LANGUAGE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS
======================================================

4.1)  What is Downcasting?
--------------------------

Downcasting is the term used in C++ for casting a pointer or reference to
a base class to a derived class.  This should usually be checked with an
embedded dynamic typing scheme if such a scheme is not present in the
language, such as with a typecase (Modula-3) or inspect (Simula) construct.
In C++, it is even possible to use conversion functions to perform some
checks, although the proposed RTTI will perform checked downcasting as
its primary ability.


4.2)  What are Virtual Functions?
---------------------------------

Look under "Dynamic Binding" and "Polymorphism".


4.3)  Can I Use Multiple-Polymorphism Or Multi-Methods In C++?
---------------------------------------------------------------

Yes, but you'll need to embed a dynamic typing scheme to do it.  With dynamic
types in place, an overriding method in a derived class can explicitly check
argument types in a switch statement and invoke the desired method emulating
multiple-polymorphism [See Coplien 92].

For true CLOS multi-methods, the above technique implemented as a base function
(CLOS defgeneric), switching to specialized functions (CLOS methods, made
friends of all arguments) will provide the functional calling syntax, multiple-
polymorphism and access to parameters found in CLOS.  This can require some
complex switching, which is somewhat mitigated when multiple-polymorphism
is implemented with virtual functions.

Future FAQs should contain more detail.


4.4)  Can I Use Dynamic Inheritance In C++?
-------------------------------------------

Yes, [Coplien 92] describes a scheme where a class can contain a pointer to
a base class that can switch between its derived classes, providing a limited
form.  Earlier chapters contain entries on bypassing C++'s message system and
even bypassing static linking.

Future FAQs should contain more detail.



ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
======================

[Agrawal 91]  R. Agrawal et al.  "Static Type Checking of Multi-Methods".
 OOPSLA 91.  Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications.
 ACM Press.  Addison Wesley.

  Compile-time checking and optimizations for multi-methods.

[Aho 86] Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman.  Compilers:
 Principles, Techniques, and Tools. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1986.

  Authoritative, classic book on compilers and optimizations.  Type chapter
  contains section on type inferencing (using ML as an example).

[Berard 93]  Edward V. Berard.  Essays on Object-Oriented Software
  Engineering.  Prentice Hall.

  Many topics on OOSE, includes coverage of OO domain and requirements
  analysis.

[Black 86] A. Black et al.  Object-Structure in the Emerald System.  OOPSLA
 '86 Conference Proceedings, SIGPLAN Notices (Special Issue), Vol. 21, n0. 11,
 pp 78-86.    [I believe there is a more recent article, YTBI]

  The original article on Emerald.  OO language without inheritance but with
  abstract types and static subtype polymorphism.  Also designed for
  distributed programming and reuse.  See article for references: Jade on
  reuse [Raj 89]) and Distr. Prog.

[Black 87] A. Black, N. Hutchinson, E. Jul, H. Levyand L. Carter.  Distribution
 and Abstract Types in Emerald, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol.
 SE13, no. 1 Jam., pp 65-76.

  Subtype polymorphism for distributed programming in Emerald [Black 86].

[Blair 89] "Genericity vs Inheritance vs Delegation vs Conformance vs ..."
 Gordon Blair, John Gallagher and Javad Malik, Journal of Object Oriented
 Programming, Sept/Oct 1989, pp11-17.

  Recommended by a reader, but the Author has yet to review this article.

[Boehm 86] B.W. Boehm. A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement.
 Software Engineering Notes, Aug., vol. 11 (4), p 22.

 Presents an alternative evolutionary approach to the strict waterfall software
 engineering life-cycle.  Now a classic, most OO methodologies now emphasize
 the iterative or evolutionary approach to software development.

[Booch 87] Grady Booch.  Software Engineering with Ada.  2nd Ed.  Benjamin
 Cummings.

  Booch in his early years.  Mostly object-based programming with Ada.

[Booch 87b] Grady Booch.  Software Components With Ada, Structures, Tools,
 and Subsystems.  Benjamin Cummings.

  A taxonomy and collection of object-based components in Ada (includes code).
  Has many examples with generics.

[Booch 91] Booch, Grady. Object-Oriented Design With Applications.  Benjamin
  Cummings.

  The often referred to book on OOD.  Offers design notation and methodology.
  Brief coverage of OOA and elaborate OOD/P coverage in the applications.
  Good on basic principles and has case studies in Smalltalk, Object Pascal,
  C++, CLOS and Ada.

  Also contains an *elaborate* classified bibliography on many areas of OO.

[Booch 94]  Grady Booch.  Object-Oriented Analysis And Design With
 Applications, 2nd Ed. Benjamin Cummings.  ISBN 0-8053-5340-2.

  The next FAQ should be updated to the second edition.  All examples are now
  in C++.  Booch incorporates several other major methodologies including
  Wirf-Brock's CRC (Class-Responsibility-Collaboration) and Jacobson's Use-
  Cases.

[Cardelli 85]  L. Cardelli and P. Wegner.  On Understanding Types, Data
 Abstraction, and Polymorphism.  ACM Computing Surveys vol. 17 (4).

 Long, classic article on Object-Oriented Types, Data Abstraction and
 Polymorphism.  Formal coverage with a type system analysis model as well.

[Chambers 92]  Craig Chambers.  The Design and Implementation of the SELF
 Compiler, an Optimizing Compiler for Object-Oriented Programming Languages.
 Dept of Computer Science, Stanford University, March 1992.

  Covers type optimizations for OO compilers.  See Appendix E, PAPERS.

[Chambers 93]  Craig Chambers.  Predicate Classes.  Proceedings ECOOP '93
  O. Nierstrasz, LNCS 707. Springer-Verlag, Kaiserslautern, Germany
  July 1993 pp 268-296

   "... an object is automatically an instance of a predicate class whenever
   it satisfies a predicate expression associated with the predicate class.
   The predicate expression can test the value or state of the object, thus
   supporting a form of implicit property-based classification that augments
   the explicit type-based classification provided by normal classes.  By
   associating methods with predicate classes, method lookup can depend not
   only on the dynamic class of an argument but also on its dynamic value or
   state. [...] A version of predicate classes has been designed and
   implemented in the context of the Cecil language.

  See Appendix E, PAPERS.

[de Champeaux 93] Dennis de Champeaux, Doug Lea, Penelope Faure.
 Object-Oriented System Development.  Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-56355-X.

  Covers an integrated treatment of OOA and OOD.  Takes serious the
  computational model of one thread per object.  Gives more than usual
  attention to the OOA&D micro process.  Presents a unique OOD language.

[Coad 91]  Peter Coad and Edward Yourdon. Object-Oriented Analysis, 2nd ed.
 Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall.

  Coad and Yourdon's OO analysis method.

[Coad 91b]  Peter Coad and Edward Yourdon. Object-Oriented Design.  Englewood
 Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall.

  Coad and Yourdon's OO design method.

[Coleman 94] Derek Coleman, et. al.  Object-Oriented Development - The Fusion
 Method.  Prentice-Hall Object-Oriented Series. ISBN 0-13-338823-9

  Fusion is considered to be a second generation OOAD method in that it builds
  on successful components of a number of first generation methods (OMT, Booch,
  CRC, Objectory, etc).  However, this has been done with the requirements of
  industrial software developers in mind. And so issues of traceability,
  management etc. have been taken into consideration and the Method provides
  full coverage from requirements through to code.

[Coplien 92] James O. Coplien.  Advanced C++ Programming Styles and Idioms.
  Addison Wesley.

  Covers advanced C++ programming and performing other more advanced and
  dynamic styles of OO in C++.

[Colbert 89]  E. Colbert.  The Object-Oriented Software Development Method: a
 practical aproach to object-oriented development.  Tri-Ada Proc., New York.

  Presents the Object-Oriented Software development method.  Has emphasis on
  objects.

[Cox 86,91] Cox, Brad J.  Object-Oriented Programming, An Evolutionary
 Approach.  Addison Wesley.

  The original book on Objective-C.  Coverage on object-oriented design and
  programming.  Also covers Objective-C implementation, even into object code.

  Objective-C... '91 AW by Pinson and Wiener provide another good text.

[Embley 92]  D.W. Embley, B.D. Kurtz, S.N. Woodfield.  Object-Oriented Systems
 Analysis, A Model-Driven Approach. Yourdon Press/Prentice Hall, Englewood
 Cliffs, NJ.

  Presents the Embley and Kurtz OO methodology.

[Garfinkel 93]  Simson L. Garfinkel and Michael K. Mahoney.  NeXTSTEP
 PROGRAMMING  STEP ONE: Object-Oriented Applications.  Springer-Verlag.

  Introduction to the NextStep environment and applications development.

[Goldberg 83] Adele Goldberg and David Robson. Smalltalk-80 The Language and
 Its Implementation.  Addison Wesley.

  The original book on Smalltalk.  Covers implementation.  Also known as "the
  Blue Book".  Out of print.  Superceded by [Goldberg ??].

[Goldberg ??] Adele Goldberg and David Robson. Smalltalk-80: The Language.
 Addison-Wesley.

  The "Purple Book".  Omits the obsolete abstract virtual machine description
  from the Blue Book.

[Harmon 93] Paul Harmon.  Objects In Action: Commercial Applications Of Object-
 Oriented Technologies.  Jan, 1993.  A-W ISBN 0-201-63336-1.

  Sponsored by the OMG to summarize the use of OO technology in industry and
  business, contains a brief history and summary of OO and many case studies.

[HOOD 89] HOOD Working Group.  HOOD Reference Manual Issue 3.0.  WME/89-173/JB.
 Hood User Manual Issue 3.0. WME/89-353/JB.  European Space Agency.

  Presnets the HOOD (Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design) OOSE methodology.
  From the European Space Agency.  Based on Ada and object-based.

[Hudak 92] Paul Hudak and Simon Peyton Jones.  Haskell Report. SIGPLAN Notices.
 1992, vol 27, no 5.

  Haskell reference.

[Humphrey 89]  Watts Humphrey.  Managing the Software Process.  Addison Wesley.

  Sponsored by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), the presented project
  management model is inspired by the work of Boehm, Brooks, Demming and Juran
  and represents a strong step in the direction of achieving 6 sigma defect
  rate prevention and optimizing the software development process for quality,
  productivity, and reliability.

[IBM 90,91]  Various Documents from the IBM International Technical Centers:
 GG24-3647-00, GG24-3641-00, GG24-3566-00, GG24-3580-00.

  Present IBM's OOSE methodology.

[Jacobson 92]  Ivar Jacobson, et al.  Object-Oriented Software Engineering - A
 Use Case Driven Approach. ACM Press/Addison Wesley.

  Presents Jacobson's new OOSE methodology based on use cases.

[Jones 92]  Rick Jones. Extended type checking in Eiffel. Journal of Object-
 Oriented Programming, May 1992 issue, pp.59-62.

  Presents subtype polymorphic extension to Eiffel (static typing only).

[Jurik 92] John A. Jurik, Roger S. Schemenaur, "Experiences in Object Oriented
 Development," ACM 0-89791-529-1/92/0011-0189.

  Presents the EVB OOSE methodology.  Also: Barbara McAllister, Business
  Development, EVB Software Engineering, Inc., [phone], [e-mail].

[Kiczales 92] Gregor Kiczales, Jim des Rivieres, Daniel G. Bobrow.  The Art
 of the Metaobject Protocol.  The MIT Press.

  Reflection and Metaobject Protocols (MOPs).  Uses a CLOS subset, clossette,
  as a foundation.

[Kim 89]  Won Kim and Frederick Lochovsky Editors.  Object-Oriented Concepts,
 Applications, and Databases.

  Collection of articles on advanced OO and research systems.

[Lakoff 87] George Lakoff.  Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories
  Reveal About The Mind.  UOC Press.

  An almost formal view of classification/categorization by the noted cognitive
  scientist, George Lakoff.  His view blasts objectivism and contends to
  replace it with a subjectivist view, based on a study of humans, natural
  language, and concept formation.

[LaLonde 90]  Wilf R. LaLonde and John R. Pugh.  Inside Smalltalk: Volume 1.
 Prentice Hall.

  Good introduction to Smalltalk.

[LaLonde 90b]  Wilf R. LaLonde and John R. Pugh.  Inside Smalltalk: Volume 2.
 Prentice Hall.

  Excellent coverage of MVC. However, it's based on ParcPlace Smalltalk-80,
  version 2.5, which is obsolete.

[Liskov 93] Barbara Liskov and Jeannette M. Wing.  Specifications and Their use
 in Defining Subtypes.  OOPSLA 93, pp 16-28.  ASM SIGPLAN Notices, V 28, No 10,
 Oct. 1993.  A-W ISBN 0-201-58895-1.

  Specifications on Subtype hierarchies.  Helps to insure the semantic
  integrity of a separate subtype system.  See section 2.7.

[Madsen 93] Ole Lehrmann  Madsen, Birger Moller-Pedersen, Kristen Nygaard:
 Object-oriented programming in the BETA programming language.  Addison-Wesley,
 June 1993. ISBN 0 201 62430 3

  The new and authoritative book on Beta, by the original designers.  They
  are some of the same designers of the Simula languages, originating OO.
  Also just announced:
    Object-Oriented Environments: The Mjolner Approach
    Editors: Jorgen Lindskov Knudsen, Mats Lofgren, Ole Lehrmann Madsen,
         Boris Magnusson
    Prentice Hall: The Object-Oriented Series
    ISBN: 0-13-009291-6 (hbk)

[Martin 92] James Martin and James J. Odell. Object-Oriented Analysis and
 Design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

  Its primary purpose is to indicate how information engineering (IE) can be
  evolved to accommodate OO.  The analysis portion (starting at Chapter 15)
  attempts to go back to 'first principles' and is based on a formal foundation.
  Therefore, the IE aspect is not required.  Emphasis is more on analysis than
  design.

[Meyer 88] Bertrand Meyer. Object-Oriented Software Construction.  Prentice
 Hall.  [Is there a new edition out?]

  The original book on Eiffel.  Coverage on object-oriented design and
  programming.  Also:
  Bertrand Meyer. Eiffel: The Language. PH. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1991(?)

[Mugridge 91] Warwick B. Mugridge et al.  Multi-Methods in a Statically-Typed
 Programming Language. Proc. ECOOP.

  Efficient implementation of Multi-Methods.

[Murray 93] Robert B. Murray.  C++ Strategies and Tactics.  Addison Wesley.

  C++, has template examples.

[Nerson 92] Jean-Marc Nerson.  Applying Object-Oriented Analysis and Design.
 CACM, 9/92.

  Demonstrates the basics of the BON method/notation.  Nerson: [e-mail]

[Raj 89] R.K. Raj and H.M. Levy.  A Compositional Model for Software Reuse.
 The Computer Journal, Vol 32, No. 4, 1989.

  A novel approach aading reuse to Emerald [Black 86] without inheritance.

[Reenskaug 91] T. Reenskaug, et al.  OORASS: seamless support for the creation
 and maintenance of object-oriented systems. Journal of Object-Oriented
 Programming, 5(6).

  Presents the Object-Oriented Role Analysis, synthesis, and Structuring
  OOSE methodology.

[Royce 70] W. W. Royce. Managing the Development of Large Software Systems.
 Proceedings of IEEE WESCON, August 1970.

 Introduces the Waterfall Process Model.

[Rumbaugh 91] Rumbaugh James, et al.  Object-Oriented Modeling and Design.
 Prentice Hall.

  The often referred to book on OOA/OOD.  Introduces the Object Modeling
  Technique (OMT) OOA/D notation and methodology.  Has case studies.

[Sciore 89] Edward Sciore.  Object Specialization. ACM Transactions on
 Information Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 1989, p 103.

  A hybrid approach between delegation and classical OO.

[Shlaer 88] Sally Shlaer and Stephen J. Mellor.  Object-Oriented Systems
 Analysis: Modeling the World in Data.

  Credited as the first book proposing an OOA method.

[Shlaer 92] Sally Shlaer and Stephen J. Mellor.  Object Lifecycles: Modeling
  the World in States.

  An addition to [Shlaer 88], provides dynamic modeling with a state-
  transition driven approach.

[Strachey 67]  C. Strachey.  Fundamental Concepts in programming languages.
 Lecture Notes for International Summer School in Computer Programming,
 Copenhagen, Aug.

  Contains original, classical definition of polymorphism.

[Stroustrup 90] Ellis, M.A., Stroustrup. The Annotated C++ Reference Manual.
 Addison Wesley.

  The ARM; the original and definitive book on C++.  Serves as the ANSI
  base document for C++.  Also covers C++ implementation.  It is meant as
  a reference (including for compiler writers), not as a tutorial for
  beginners.  Perhaps a better ref is [Stroustrup 91].

[Stroustrup 91] Stroustrup, B.  The C++ Programming Language (2nd edition).

  Has the ARM, better reference for the use of C++ (recommended by bs).
  Contains sections on object-oriented software engineering.

[Tasker 93]  Dan Tasker.  The Problem Space, Practical Techniques for
  Gathering & Specifying Requirements. ISBN: 0-646-12524-9.  Avail only from
  author, [e-mail].

  Object-oriented requirements definition.  Hypertext.  Uses Rumbaugh's OMT as
  a base.  See also APPENDIX D.

[Ungar 87] D. Ungar and R.B. Smith.  The Self Papers. [Entry To Be Completed]

  The documents on Self; a delegation/prototyping language.  Also covers Self
  implementation and optimization.  See also APPENDIX E, PAPERS section.

[Wasserman 90] A.I. Wasserman et al. The Object-Oriented Software Design
 Notation for Software Design Representation. IEEE Computer, 23(3).

  Presents the Object-Oriented Structured Design (OOSD) OOSE methodology.
  Traditional structured techniques to OO, hybrid containing structured
  design and Booch.

[Wegner 87] Peter Wegner. "Dimensions of Object-Based Language Design",
  Proceedings of OOPSLA '87, October 4-8 1987, SIGPLAN Notices
  (Special Issue), V22, No 12, pp168-182, 1987.

[Wikstrom 87] Ake Wikstrom.  Functional Programming Using Standard ML.
 Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-331661-0, 1987.

  ML reference.

[Wilkie 93] George Wilkie. Object-Oriented Software Engineering - The
 Professional Developer's Guide. Addison Wesley.

  Covers OOSE, 11 popular analysis and design methodologies with examples,
  comparisons, and analysis, information systems (OODB), and case studies.

[Winter Partners]  Winter Partners

  A proprietary toolset (OSMOSYS) for OOA and OOD.
  Winter Partners
    London Office:                 Zurich Office:
      West Wing, The Hop Exchange
      24a Southwark Street           Florastrasse 44
      London SE1 1TY                 CH-8008 Zurich
      England                        Switzerland
      Tel. [phone]        Tel. [phone]
      Fax. [phone]        Fax. [phone]

[Wirfs-Brock 90] Rebecca Wirfs-Brock, Brian Wilkerson, Lauren Wiener.
 Designing Object Oriented Software, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice Hall.

  Presents a "Responsibility Driven Design" (RDD) with "Class, Responsibility,
  Collaboration" (CRC) technique, a modern and new OOA/OOD methodology.

[Yaoqing 93]  Gao Yaoqing and Yuen Chung Kwong.  A Survey of Implementations
 of Parallel, Concurrent, and Distributed Smalltalk.  ACM SIGPLAN Notices.
 Vol 28, No. 9, Sept 93.

  Covers implementations of Parallel, Concurrent, and Distributed Smalltalk.

[Yourdon 92]  Edward Yourdon.  Decline and Fall of the American Programmer.
 YPCS.

  Excellent coverage of modern software engineering practice and world-class
  software development organizations.



APPENDICES
==========


APPENDIX A  VIPS
================

These are individuals whose names appear in comp.object most often.
Please send recommendations for *major* VIPS often cited or referenced.

Booch, Grady <[e-mail]>
-------------------------------

Grady Booch has been an object-oriented Ada advocate for some time.  He's
written books such as Software Engineering with Ada, Software Components
with Ada, and OOD with Applications.  The first two are Object-Based and
the second is primarily Object-Oriented and all use OB and OO notations and
methodologies.  His last notations are often referred to as simply the
"Booch" method or notation and his company, Rational, provides automated
support with a tool named "Rose".  See also APPENDIX D.


Cox, Brad
---------

Founder of Objective-C, which grafts the Smalltalk facilities of an
Object id and a messaging mechanism onto C.  Author of [Cox 87].


Goldberg, Adele  (Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls)
----------------------------------------

One of the founders of Smalltalk (with Alan Kay and Dan Ingalls).  Coauthor
of [Goldberg 83, ??], "Smalltalk-80 The Language and its Implementation".
Smalltalk was invented by a group at Xerox PARC; and a spinoff, ParcPlace, is
now marketing Smalltalk environments (see APPENDIX C).


Meyer, Bertrand <[e-mail]>
-------------------------------------

Founder of Eiffel, author of [Meyer 88].  Often posts to comp.lang.eiffel
and comp.object [what a FAQ writer notices].  His company, Interactive
Software Engineering, has a case tool called EiffelCase (see APPENDIX D).


Nygaard, Krysten (and Dahl, Ole-Johan)
--------------------------------------

Inventor of Simula, the first object-oriented programming language.  Also
inventor of object oriented design, for which Simula-67 was considered an
implementation technique.  Now B.B. Kristensen, O.L. Madsen, B. Moller-
Pedersen, and K. Nygaard are working on Beta, their successor to Simula.


Rumbaugh, James
---------------

Part of Rumbaugh, Blaha, Premerlani, Eddy and Lorenson, the authors of
[Rumbaugh 91].  They all work for GE Corporate Research and Development Center
in Schenectady New York and have an OOA/OOD notation/methodology called the
"Object Modeling Technique".  It is a rather formal and complete method often
discussed in comp.object.  OMTool is the name of the CASE system provided by
GE which supports OMT.  See APPENDIX D.


Shlaer, Sally (and Mellor, Stephen J.)
--------------------------------------

>Sally Shlaer            [e-mail]
>Project Technology      Training and Consulting using Shlaer-Mellor OOA/RD
>Berkeley, CA            [phone]

Cofounder of the Shlaer/Mellor OOA/RD method, president of Project Technology.
As shown above, occasionally posts to comp.object [what a FAQ writer notices].


Stroustrup, Bjarne ([e-mail])
-------------------------------------

Inventor of C++, a C superset, which has probably gained the most widespread
use of any object-oriented language today.  Often found in comp.lang.c++ and
comp.object.



APPENDIX B  OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES AND VENDORS
=================================================

This is a list of available Object-Oriented databases.  Thanks go to Stewart
Clamen, who's survey on schema evolution provided a good start.  Additional
short entries are encouraged; please send additions to the author of the FAQ
(and/or to Stewart).

The most recent copy of Stewart Clamen's summary on available databases
support for schema evolution will be available indefinitely via anonymous
FTP from BYRON.SP.CS.CMU.EDU:/usr/anon/OODBMS/evolution-summary.

[Kim 89] covers a few of the research systems below in depth.

Starred entries also have an entry in "APPENDIX E  ANONYMOUS FTP SITES".


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Extended Relational Database Model
 Research Systems
  POSTGRES*     [marketed by Montage]
  Starburst     [IBM almaden, entry NYI]
 Commercial Systems
  Montage       [Research System POSTGRES]

Object-Oriented Data Model
 Research Systems
  AVANCE
  CLOSQL
  ConceptBase*
  COOL/COCOON
  Encore*
  Exodus*
  Machiavelli
  MOOD4-PC*
  OBST/STONE*
  Ode*
  Oggetto
  Orion [marketed as ITASCA, see Entry]
  OTGen
  VODAK
 Commercial Systems
  ArtBASE
  EasyDB (Objective Systems, Sweden)
  GemStone/GeODE
  ITASCA
  Matisse
  NeoAccess
  O2
  Objectivity/DB
  ObjectStore
  Ontos [formerly VBase]
  OpenODB (HP)
  Poet
  Statice
  UniSQL
  Versant

Other Models
 Research Systems
  GRAS*
  IRIS
 Commercial Systems
  IDL
  Kala
  Pick

Interfaces
 Research Systems
  Penguin
 Commercial Systems
  Persistence
  Subtlware


EXTENDED RELATIONAL DB MODEL
----------------------------

Research Systems
________________


> POSTGRES (Berkeley)

POSTGRES is an extended-relational database manager that supports
inheritance, user-defined types, functions, and operators, ad-hoc
queries, time travel, a rules system, tertiary storage devices,
and very large typed objects, among other things.  POSTGRES speaks
postquel, a derivative of the quel query language originally
designed at berkeley for the ingres database system.  User functions
may be written in C or in postquel.  C functions will be dynamically
loaded into the database server on demand, and either kind of function
may be executed from the query language.

POSTGRES and the papers that describe it are available free of charge
from toe.CS.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.149.117) in directory pub/postgres.
The code is stored in a directory named after the latest release; at
the time of this writing, that directory is postgres-v4r1.  The list
of officially-supported ports is short (decstations running ultrix 4.x
and sparcstations).  Unofficially, many more are supported -- people
elsewhere have done the ports and distribute their versions of the
code.  The list of unofficial ports is available in pub/postgres as
file UNOFFICIAL-PORT-LIST.

On Type Evolution:
You ask explicitly about type evolution.  We support schema
modification on all classes, including user classes.  This means that
you can add attributes (instance slots) and methods at any time.
Further, since postgres is a shared database system, such changes are
instantly visible to any other user of the class.

The language syntax supports attribute deletion, but the system won't
do it yet.  Since all data is persistent, removing attributes from a
class requires some work -- you need to either get rid of or ignore
all the values you've already stored.

Contact:
Paul Aoki <[e-mail]>

The postgres code from uc berkeley is being commercialized by
Miro Systems, Inc.        [This seems to have been updated to Montage]

Contact:
  paula hawthorn ([e-mail])
  dave segleau ([e-mail])


Commercial Systems
------------------

> Montage (ORDBMS) [Research System POSTGRES]

From: [e-mail] (Mark Helfen)
Subject: Montage Database - brief product announcement
Followup-To: [e-mail]
Organization: Montage Software, Inc.
Date: Wed, 10 Nov 1993 23:05:03 GMT

The Montage object-relational database management system
(ORDBMS) is now available from Montage Software, Inc.

The Montage object-relational database management system
includes the Montage Server(tm) database engine, the Montage
Viewer(tm) -- a new visualization tool that simplifies queries of
complex data -- and Montage DataBlades(tm), specialized modules
that extend the capabilities of the database for specific applications.
Montage represents the commercialization of the seven-year
POSTGRES research project.

The Montage Server extends the relational database model through
its ability to handle complex information, and the inclusion of object-
oriented facilities and capabilities.  It uses the familiar relational row-
column metaphor for all data, so that text, numbers and complex data
are all viewed, managed, manipulated and queried the same way.
The relational metaphor is extended to allow data of any size and
complexity to be stored and accessed in the way that is most
effective.   SQL, used to access and manage data, is extended with
SQL3-based capabilities to allow the definition of user data types and
functions.

The Montage Viewer uses visualization technology to organize
information in visual terms -- by location, shape, color and intensity,
for example.  Similar to a "flight simulator," the Montage Viewer allows
the user to visually navigate through data, refining each step by
"panning" and "zooming" with a mouse.

A DataBlade is a combination of data types and functions that are
designed to support a specific application.   Text, Spatial, and Image
are the first of many DataBlades that will comprise a full-range of
industry-specific products created by Montage, third parties and
users based upon their own expertise.

o     The Text DataBlade expands the database's functionality by
adding new data types and functions that manage text and document
libraries, as well as a providing a new access method (Doc-Tree)
which provides exceptional search performance for text.

o     The Image DataBlade supports image conversion, storage,
manipulation, enhancement and management of more than 50 image
formats, and performs automatic conversion of formats at the user's
discretion.

o     Points, lines, polygons and their spatial relationships are now
supported in the relational model with the Spatial DataBlade.  The
DataBlade defines nine basic spatial types and makes over 200 SQL
functions available for use on spatial data, as well as supports the
R-Tree access method for high speed navigation of spatial data.

Montage Software was co-founded by Gary Morgenthaler of
Morgenthaler Ventures and Dr. Michael Stonebraker of the University
of California, Berkeley, .  Morgenthaler is Montage Software's
chairman of the board and Stonebraker serves as the company's
chief technology officer.    Morgenthaler and Stonebraker co-
founded Ingres Corporation (then called Relational Technology,
Inc.), in 1980.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Montage Software Inc. can be contacted at:

email:                        [e-mail]
phone:                        [phone]
fax:                          [phone]

Mailing Address:

Montage Software, Inc.
2000 Powell Street, Suite 1405
Emeryville, CA  94608

OO DATA MODEL
-------------

Research Systems
________________

> AVANCE (SYSLAB)

An object-oriented, distributed database programming language.  Its
most interesting feature is the presence of system-level version
control, which is used to support schema evolution, system-level
versioning (as a way of improving concurrency), and objects with their
own notion of history.  System consists of programming language (PAL)
and distributed persistent object manager.

REFERENCES:
        Anders Bjornerstedt and Stefan Britts. "AVANCE: An
        Object Management System".  Proceedings of OOPSLA88.



> CLOSQL (University of Lancaster)

Status:-
CLOSQL is a research prototype OODB designed primarily for prototyping
various schema evolution and view mechanisms based on class versioning.
The system is built using CommonLISP. It would really only be of interest
to other parties as a research tool.

Requirements:-
Common LISP including CLOS standard. The Graphical user interface requires
the Harlequin LispWorks Tool-kit. The system was built on a Sun4 and
has not been tested on any other platform.

Features:-
As a prototype, CLOSQL is not robust enough to sell. The system is single
user and does not properly support persistence - that is, the data has to
be loaded and saved explicitly. The query language is quite good
making good use of the functional nature of the environment.
Methods (LISP and query language only), class versioning and
multiple inheritance are all supported in the data model. Type checking
information is held in the database, but is NOT enforced at present. The
GUI is notable for its support for schema evolution, but otherwise rather
ordinary.

Availability:-
Probably freely available, but as the project was part funded by an
industrial partner, some consultation with them would be necessary before
the system could be released.

References:-
[1]  Monk, S. R. and I. Sommerville, "A Model for Versioning of Classes
in Object-Oriented Databases", Proceedings of BNCOD 10, Aberdeen.
pp.42-58. 1992.

[2]  Monk, S. "The CLOSQL Query Language". Technical report No. SE-91-15.
Computing Dept, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR, UK. 1991.

[3]  Monk, S., "A Model For Schema Evolution In Object-Oriented Database
Systems", PhD thesis, Dept of Computing, Lancaster University, Lancaster
LA1 4YR, UK. 1992.

On Schema evolution (from original survey):
CLOSQL implements a class versioning scheme (like ENCORE), but employs a
conversion adaptation strategy.  Instances are converted when there is a
version conflict, but unlike ORION and GemStone, CLOSQL can convert instances
to older versions of the class if necessary.

        Aberdeen, Scotland. July, 1992.

Contacts;
Simon Monk:      [e-mail]
Ian Sommerville: [e-mail]


> ConceptBase
                                 Version 3.1

The ConceptBase System

ConceptBase is a deductive object management system intended for
conceptual modeling and the coordination of design environments.  It
integrates techniques from deductive and object-oriented databases in
the logical framework of the language Telos.

Key features are

*  hybrid representation with frame-like objects, semantic nets and
   logical specifications

*  extensibility by metaclass hierarchies

*  declarative object-centered query language

*  persistent object management with roll-back capability

ConceptBase follows a client-server architecture.  Client programs can
connect to the ConceptBase server and exchange data via interprocess
communication.  The ConceptBase programming interface allows the users
to create their own client programs in C or Prolog.

The X11-based ConceptBase usage environment offers an extensible
palette of graphical, tabular and textual tools for editing and
browsing the knowledge base.  It includes the CoAuthor tool which
supports multiple author production of hypermedia documents.

ConceptBase Applications

ConceptBase has been developed with partial support from the ESPRIT
projects DAIDA and Compulog.  It serves as a central knowledge manager
in the DAIDA environment for data-intensive information systems.
Further applications range from configuration management, co-authoring
to requirements engineering, reverse engineering, business modeling,
and quality assurance systems.  ConceptBase is used by several research
institutions in Europe and North America for experimental purposes.

Availability

ConceptBase is available for research purposes in a Prolog version
(running under ProLog by BIM 3.1) or as a runtime system.  The
graphical usage environment of ConceptBase is based on the Andrew
toolkit release 5.1.

Version 3.2 (only available as runtime system) will be released in
August 1993.

A four week test-version of ConceptBase V3.1 is available
on the FTP server ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de in the
directory pub/CB.  For running the ftp version you must ask for a
key by email.


Technical Requirements

Machine:  SUN4/Sparc
Main memory:    at least 8 MB
Free swap space:        at least 30 MB
Free space on disk:     at least 18 MB
Operating System:       SUN OS 4.1.1
Environment:            X11 Release 5

Contact

Rene Soiron
RWTH Aachen --- Informatik V
Ahornstr. 55, D-52056 Aachen
Tel/Fax: +49 [phone] / 80 21 529
email: [e-mail]


Also:
We have developed a deductive object-oriented database called
ConceptBase where everything (tokens, classes, meta-classes
,meta-meta-classes ,attributes, instantiations, specializations) is
treated as an object. That means that you may update the "schema"
(classes) at any time just as any other ordinary object.

The systems has (user-defined and builtin) integrity constraints that
prevent inconsistency (e.g. violation of ref.integrity).  Integrity
constraints in ConceptBase are (as in most other systems) static,
i.e., they are conditions that each database "state" must satisfy.

The data model we use does not distinguish schema level information
(i.e. classes) from instance level information. If you change for
example some classes and this change violates some integrity
constraints, e.g.  some instances now don't have the right attribute
types anymore, then you have the choice either to reject the update or
to change the existing DB. Currently, ConceptBase simply rejects such
updates.  We are thinking of exploiting abduction (see VLDB'90 article
of Kakas&Mancarella) to make more clever reactions in the sense of
"reformatting" instances.

[Manfred Jeusfeld <[e-mail]>]


> COOL/COCOON (Ulm Universitaet)

The COCOON project was intended to extend the concepts and the
architecture of relational database management systems (DBMSs) beyond
nested relational to object-oriented ones. Based upon the nested
relational DBMS kernel DASDBS, we have built a prototype implementation
of the COCOON model. Key characteristics of COCOON are: generic,
set-oriented query and update operators similar to relational algebra
and SQL updates, respectively; object-preserving semantics of query
operators, which allows for the definition of updatable views; a
separation of the two aspects of programming language "classes": type
vs. collection; predicative description of collections, similar to
"defined concepts" in KL-One--like knowledge representation
languages; automatic classification of objects and views (positioning
in the class hierarchy); physical clustering of subobjects via the use
of nested relations as the internal storage structures; support for the
optimization of both, the physical DB design and query transformation,
by corresponding optimizers.

Project goals are:

- to develop a general formal framework for investigations of all
  kinds of schema changes in object-oriented database systems
  (including schema design, schema modification, schema tailoring, and
  schema integration);
- to find implementation techniques for evolving database schemas,
  such that changes on the logical level propagate automatically to
  adaptations of the physical level (without the need to modify all
  instances, if possible).

In their current paper [see below], schema evolution is used as
example of a general framework for change in OODBs, supporting change
on three levels of database objects: data objects, schema objects, and
meta-schema objects.

Contact: Markus Tresch <[e-mail]>


REFERENCES:
        M. Tresch and M.H. Scholl. "Meta Object Management
        and its Application to Database Evolution."  In
        _Proceedings of the Eleventh International
        Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach",
        Karlsruhe, Germany, Oct 1992.  Springer Verlag (to
        appear).